亚洲AV超清无码不卡在线网络,老熟妇仑乱一区二区视頻,国产无夜激无码AV毛片,亚洲AV无码乱码国产精品品麻豆,久久久久国色AV免费看,国产免费无码一区二区视频,麻豆国产AV超爽剧情系列,亚洲精品乱码久久久久久V,樱花草WWW日本在线观看,国产三级爽死你个荡货

意大利科學(xué)家使用氧化鈦海綿成功防止半透明太陽能電池中的鉛泄漏，器件顯示出與半透明鈣鈦礦器件相當(dāng)?shù)男?，平均可見光透光率（AVT）為31.4%。

圖片：CNR-IMM

意大利微電子和微系統(tǒng)研究所（CNR-IMM）的科學(xué)家開發(fā)了一種半透明的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池。他們通過在器件上沉積氧化鈦（TiO2）海綿來防止?jié)撛诘你U（Pb）泄漏。

“我們設(shè)想太陽能電池用于建筑集成光伏（BIPV）和農(nóng)業(yè)光伏的應(yīng)用，其中潛在的鉛泄漏可被視為嚴(yán)重的公共環(huán)境和健康風(fēng)險來源，”研究員Salvatore Valastro告訴PV雜志。

TiO2是一種高度吸附的材料，在鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中充當(dāng)有效的電子傳輸層（ETL）。為了解決潛在的鉛（Pb）泄漏問題，研究人員制備一種無溶劑的多孔TiO2薄膜，形成了一種海綿狀結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠在模擬災(zāi)難性事件期間從受損器件中捕獲Pb。

“TiO2海綿可以吸收濃度范圍為24 g/cm2至63 g/cm2的鉛，其相當(dāng)于厚度為200 nm（半透明PSC）至500 nm（不透明PSC）的MAPbI3，”研究人員解釋說。

他們用玻璃和氧化銦錫（ITO）做基板，由聚三芳胺（PTAA）制成空穴傳輸層（HTL），帶有TiO2海綿的鈣鈦礦吸收體，由苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯（PCBM）制成的電子受體，浴庫普林（BCP）緩沖層，金（Au）金屬電極構(gòu)建電池。

“我們通過使用濺射設(shè)備無溶劑沉積TiO2海綿，這是一種易于擴(kuò)展的沉積方法，被半導(dǎo)體制造公司廣泛使用，”Valastro說。“在沉積過程之前執(zhí)行1分鐘的預(yù)濺射步驟，以清理鈦靶的表面以去除氧化層。”

太陽能電池實現(xiàn)了11.6%的轉(zhuǎn)換效率，平均可見光透光率（AVT）為31.4%?！?1.6%的效率是這種半透明架構(gòu)的典型特征，”Valastro說。

研究小組在“Preventing lead leakage in perovskite solar cells with a sustainable titanium dioxide sponge,”中描述了這種電池技術(shù)，該研究最近發(fā)表在《自然可持續(xù)性》上。

“我們的方法代表了解決BIPV，BAPV，農(nóng)業(yè)光伏和不透明設(shè)備的鉛釋放的具體步驟，也為報廢設(shè)備中的鉛回收鋪平了道路，”該團(tuán)隊總結(jié)道。

（消息來源：pv-magazine.com）

Semitransparent perovskite solar cell with 11.6% efficiency

Italian scientists have used a titanium oxide sponge to successfully prevent lead leakage in a semitransparent solar cell. The device has demonstrated comparable efficiency to semi-transparent perovskite devices and has an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 31.4%.

Scientists from the Italian Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM) have developed a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell. They achieved this by depositing a titanium oxide (TiO2) sponge on the device to prevent potential lead (Pb) leakage.

“We conceived the solar cell for applications in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and agrivoltaics, where the potential lead leakage can be viewed as a serious public environmental and health risk source,” researcher Salvatore Valastro toldpv magazine.

TiO2, a highly adsorbent material, serves as an effective electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. To address potential lead (Pb) leakage, the researchers created a solvent-free porous TiO2 film, forming a sponge-like structure capable of capturing Pb from damaged cells during simulated catastrophic events.

“The TiO2 sponge can sequester Pb in concentrations ranging from 24 g cm2 to 63 g cm2, which are equivalently contained in MAPbI3 layers with thicknesses from 200 nm (semi-transparent PSC) to 500 nm (opaque PSC),” the researchers explained.

They built the cell with a substrate made of glass and indium tin oxide (ITO), a hole transport layer (HTL) made ofpoly-triarylamine (PTAA), a perovskite absorber with the TIO2 sponge, an electron acceptor made of phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), a bathocuproine (BCP) buffer layer, a gold (Au) metal contact, and the TIO2 sponge.

“We deposited the sponge via a physical solvent-free deposition, by using sputtering equipment, an easily up-scalable deposition method, which is widely used by semiconductors manufacturing companies,” Valastro said. “A pre-sputtering step of 1 min is performed before the deposition process to clean up the surface of the titanium target to remove oxidized layers.”

The solar cell achieved a power conversion efficiency of 11.6% and has an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 31.4%. “The efficiency value of 11.6% is characteristic of this semi-transparent architecture,” said Valastro.

The research team described the cell tech in “Preventing lead leakage in perovskite solar cells with a sustainable titanium dioxide sponge,” which was recently published in Nature Sustainability.

“Our method represents a concrete step forward in addressing Pb release for BIPV, BAPV, agrivoltaics and opaque devices, and also paves the way for Pb recycling in end-of-life devices,” the team concluded.